In this series of Strike Stories we hear the highs and lows of that life changing year through the eyes of miners, families, police officers and politicians as they recall what life was like in 84–85.

The Strike Stories form part of the Streic 84–85 Strike exhibition which is on display at National Musem Cardiff until April 27 2025.

© Amgueddfa Cymru

Rhian

We were some of the lucky ones, because Dad had a trade. He’d been a builder, before he went to work at cwm coke colliery so he went out looking for work around our community. Our neighbour was amazingly kind and found him some jobs in his house and with other family members and that helped tide us over and my brothers, who were bigger than me, still talk about how tough it was and they’d mix cement and do other bits and bobs after school and on the weekends, to help him.

The garden became really important – vital to us keeping food on the table.

I was only little – four – and my biggest memory of it all was of having the best Christmas I could ever have imagined. In our family we talk still about it being the best one ever. What we didn’t know at the time was that the whole community pulled together to make sure every family had a lovely Christmas. I had the Sindy house, furniture including kitchen bathroom, bedroom, and dining table and sofa. And a horse, cart and dog – and a My Little Pony! They pulled out all the stops.

Betty

My husband had spent 28 years working at the colliery, in Beddau. During the strike, each week, Friday, we’d get a box delivered – with flour, corned beef, and other groceries to help us get through the week. The whole community in our valley pulled together to provide for every family.

We were lucky. A family with three kids, we certainly felt the impact. My husband had a trade before the colliery – he was a bricklayer – and thanks to the kindness of our neighbour, who hired him to work, firstly on his house and then on his mother in law’s, we had some income to tide us over.

We had to manage on what we had. Everyone did. But it didn’t stop us having the best Christmas my kids ever had. Friends gathered together and bought gifts so the kids had presents on Christmas morning. We still talk about it.

We pulled through. After the pits closed some of the men never worked again – there was nowhere to work and then other factories and things went, too, like Revlon, Silent Channel and Louis Edwards – all gone. So, the valley emptied as people left find to work elsewhere, Bridgend, Cardiff, or further afield.

There was a lot of upheaval. We were devastated by the strike, we had no idea it’d last that long. The devastation in this valley is permanent. Despite it all, my children have done well – but it was a very sad time and even now, there’s nothing. Nothing has been replaced in all these years since it shut down. There’s nothing left. They promise the world – and nothing changes, nothing ever gets done. The Valleys are completely shut off.

When Margaret Thatcher died, my husband hung a Welsh flag from a post outside our house. There were a lot of them, hung all across our valley.

Rhian and Betty Philips, mother and daughter of a striking miner, Maesteg.

In this series of Strike Stories we hear the highs and lows of that life changing year through the eyes of miners, families, police officers and politicians as they recall what life was like in 84–85.

The Strike Stories form part of the Streic 84–85 Strike exhibition which is on display at National Musem Cardiff until April 27 2025.

© Richard Williams

There was never any such thing as an immortal colliery. Everyone ever connected to the mining industry recognised that reality. But like any sensible being, I wanted change involving closures to have been thought through, grounded in fact, justified in real economics and geological analysis with a rationale behind it all. That was a strategic view which took account of the energy needs of our country and the well-being of communities. The Government accepted none of these purposes. Nationalised British coal was a financial burden and the Miners’ Union a militant impediment to a closure programme. Both had to be eliminated.

There are instances of developed countries organising the shift away from extractive industries and heavy manufacturing by preparation and compensation, consultation, local planning, re-training, encouraging inward investment. None of that meaningfully occurred in the UK. Closure of industry meant abandonment of community. Levelling down of security, incomes, physical and mental fitness, social capital, cultural vigour.

Apart from the overall national significance of the coalmining industry, the issues were political and personal for me. In 1984 there were 6,000 coalmining workers in my Constituency and they included several friends. My Dad, extended family members in Tredegar and Aberdare, both of my Grandfathers, six of my Uncles, were all miners at some time. One was a face captain in Tower Colliery which became the last one to close in South Wales. Employment around both towns related to coalmining, including steel and much of engineering. Mam, who was a District Nurse, brought me up to believe that miners were the greatest men and that areas like ours were the most productive and strongest communities.

There had always been pithead ballots – although, over the decades, national strikes hadn’t been a common way to resolve issues. From the 1926 General Strike to 1972 there hadn’t been a national miner’s strike. The 1974 national strike, the one that’s said to have brought down the Heath Government, was preceded by a national pithead ballot. In 1984, however, Scargill managed to avoid putting a strike Resolution to the Special National Conference of the NUM, therefore by – passing a democratic ballot. This was because he thought that he’d be beaten if he allowed a vote – he’d already been defeated in ’83. He was determined to rely on mass picketing instead.

I – and a lot of miners – knew that was a huge risk: not having a ballot would definitely divide the workforce and it also reduced the likelihood of sympathetic support from other workers in transport, power stations and docks. When I and others put this reality to Scargill our views were ignored.

Scargill was an intelligent man and a brilliant mob orator. All of history, realism, common sense said that it was stupid to rely on the confrontation of mass picketing. But when he simplified the dispute by putting the challenging question ‘Whose side are you on?’ it was impossible for people – especially young miners whose livelihoods depended on a future for coal – not to be caught up in the enthusiasm, especially when they were told that coal stocks were almost exhausted and the Government was wilting.

Arthur Scargill issued demands and orders from the platform and from his office in Sheffield – but there was no strategy. After the strike had started – ironically by accident – he offered the confident semblance of a deliberate, cogent process, but it didn’t exist except in his mind. Scargill had no plan. By searing contrast, Thatcher’s government very definitely had a strategy, and the means and mind to put it ruthlessly into effect.

• The Prime Minister appointed Ian McGregor as the chair of the National Coal Board. He had a “tough guy” reputation, built as a corporate boss in the USA and reinforced during his time Chairing the British Steel Corporation.
• Her government enacted legislation that removed benefits from the families of strikers.
• She co-ordinated British police forces in a way that was unprecedented, using the Home Office and Association of Chief Police Officers to produce a national organism never seen before or since in the UK. 
• And, vitally, she ensured a stockpile of coal at record levels – about 40% larger that ever before and deposited at power stations, coke works, and docks.

She had made these preparations for disruption to the power supply following her reluctant settlement of a coalmining pay dispute in 1981 and on the basis of the “Ridley Plan” compiled by one of her Ministers following the fall of the Heath Government in 1974 – a defeat which had left the Conservatives with an aching ulcer of resentment.

The government were well-prepared for a prolonged dispute. But they could never have anticipated two development that favoured them very strongly: First, they never assumed that the Miners would strike without a ballot, secondly, they never dreamed that a coal strike would begin in early spring. Both were elements that would clearly work against the miners. The Government had resources at their fingertips and, as extra advantages, they were given the weather and division in the mining workforce. The miners had endless courage and determination and a practical Case for Coal – but nothing else. Picketing miners versus working miners, with the police, often in huge numbers with regimental organisation, cavalry and dogs holding the ground in between. They described themselves as ‘The meat in the sandwich’.

Given the intensity of feeling and the attitude of some police units, conflict was inevitable. In traditional mining towns and villages, where the policemen had been seen as dependable people who were part of the community, the relationship was smashed. Families, and in some areas neighbourhoods, were divided. “scabbing” was treated as a mortal sin. In some localities where majorities continued to work, striking was regarded as treachery. As the strike wore on for a year - and for years in the wake of it - there was debt, destitution, high unemployment, mental anguish, division and deep anxiety. People sought to overcome all of this with immense fortitude. Families pulled together and communities became closer. But that was not universal. Family break-up, foreclosed mortgages, delinquency and suicides increased.

One positive development that emerged on the coalfields was that was that, during the strike, women took leadership roles. Collectively, they ensured the things that mattered were sustained: every family had a meal, every child had something to unwrap at Christmas, no- one had to feel like a recipient of charity because everyone was contributing something.

Over a relatively short time, soup kitchens evolved into community organisations that were properly organised around strategic thinking and financed from donations by local people, other trade unions at home and abroad and incessant fundraising. Some women travelled throughout the UK and, often, abroad to actively make the case for coal and communities.

They flourished in these roles, frequently providing a quality of leadership that was not offered by some of the men in their communities.

In July and September 1984, together with Stan Orme, who handled Energy in the Labour Shadow Cabinet, I compiled proposals to manage pit closures through a process of independent expert examination and economic evaluation. The National Coal Board accepted them. Scargill personally turned it down flat without showing it to any of the NUM Executive. As Stan (a lifetime trade union activist) said “Arthur’s not a trade unionist – he doesn’t believe in negotiation”.

Ultimately, the strike is a story of heroism - and of the abuse of that supreme quality.

Neil Kinnock, politician, MP for Bedwellty and Islwyn 1970-94, Leader of the Labour Party, 1983 – 1992.

Thank you to all the schools who are diligently taking their weather readings, even in the rain and snow! 

Weather records for this term finish on 20 December. Please upload all readings taken to date by then. Remember to enter 'no record' for dates that you weren't in school and to add your observations in the comment section. 

Have a fantastic break Bulb Buddies. I'll see you in 2025!

Your Comments:

Scarva Primary School: There was a lot of rainfall over the weekend with Storm Darragh.
Professor Plant: Hello Scarva Primary! Storm Darragh certainly brought plenty of rain. Your bulbs will love the extra water! Let’s hope for some sunshine soon to balance it out. Keep up the great observations.

Pil Primary School: It is still cold outside and we have had a lot of rain this week.
Professor Plant:  Thank you for the weather observations Pil Primary.

Gavinburn Primary School: There was a lot more rain this week.
Professor Plant: Hi Gavinburn Primary, thank you for the update. Keep up the great work.

Ysgol Tycroes: We had a lot of rain. Our plants have started to grow shoots.
Professor Plant: Hello Ysgol Tycroes. Shoots already, that’s wonderful news! Your bulbs are making great progress thanks to all the rain. Keep watching them closely.

Meldrum Primary School: Decent rainfall for this week, temperature seems good.
Professor Plant: Hi Meldrum Primary, it sounds like your bulbs are enjoying a balanced week of rainfall and warmth. Keep an eye out for shoots—they might appear soon!

St Mary’s Primary School: Storm Darragh came on Friday.
Professor Plant: Hello St Mary’s Primary, thank you for updating us. 

Bwlchgwyn Primary School: We have got two plant pots with shoots. We think that having a blanket of snow on them may have fooled them into thinking it was a bit warmer than it was.
Professor Plant: Hello Bwlchgwyn Primary! It’s exciting that you have two pots with shoots already. Keep monitoring their progress—they’re off to a great start!

Rhayader Primary: Our plants have started growing - about 5.
Professor Plant: Hi Rhayader Primary. Five plants already, that’s fantastic news! Your bulbs are thriving—keep taking care of them and tracking their growth. Well done!

Cornist Park C.P: Today it is cold and dark with rain clouds all day.
Professor Plant: Hello Cornist Park. A cold and rainy day might not feel cheerful, but your bulbs are loving the extra water. Keep checking—they’re sure to grow more soon!

Ysgol Porth Y Felin: The bulbs have got bigger.
Professor Plant: Hi Ysgol Porth Y Felin. How exciting to hear your bulbs are growing bigger! Keep up the great work!

Doonfoot Primary School: Lots of rain and a storm.
Professor Plant: Hello Doonfoot Primary. Thank you for your update, keep up the great work.  

Stanford in the Vale Primary: Quite a rainy week. Unfortunately, no snow. We wish you all a merry Christmas.
Professor Plant: Hi Stanford in the Vale Primary! Rain is great for your bulbs, even if snow would have been more fun for you! Thank you for the Christmas wishes—I wish you all a merry Christmas too!

Our Lady’s RC Primary: I did this alone :)
Professor Plant: Hello! Doing this alone is impressive—well done! Your observations are very valuable, so keep up the brilliant work. Great job!

Meldrum Primary School: Rainfall a bit low after Monday, temperature seems a bit all over the place right now.
Professor Plant: Hi Meldrum Primary. It's great that you are noticing differences in your daily and weekly weather readings. I look forward to your next observations. 

Pil Primary School: There was so much rain when we checked on Monday and the weather is chilly. Our spring bulbs have started to shoot up.
Professor Plant: Hello Pil Primary! Shoots appearing already? That’s wonderful! The rainy weather is helping your bulbs to grow. Keep watching closely—great job!

Pil Primary School: It was very cold this week.
Professor Plant: Hi Pil Primary. The cold might slow us down, but your bulbs are tough. Keep up the excellent work!

Pil Primary School: There was hardly any rain to measure this week.
Professor Plant: Hello again, Pil Primary! Even with less rain, your bulbs should still have enough moisture from earlier weeks. Keep tracking the weather and checking for growth—you’re doing brilliantly!

Hi Bulb Buddies,

I would like to say a huge thank you to all the schools who have uploaded their weather data to the website. For anyone new to the Blog, we have 175 schools across the country taking weather readings for every day they are in school from November to March! Our Super Scientists are exploring the effects of weather on the flowering dates of spring bulbs! 

The MET Office has described November 2024 as a month of two halves, because the weather for the first two weeks was mild and relatively warm but the following two weeks were wet, windy and even snowy! This is reflected in your comments; at the beginning of the month many of you commented on not having much rain. In the second half there were reports of lots of rain and some snow! This was the snowiest November since 2010!

Only one school has mentioned Storm Bert, but this was the cause of lots of the rainfall that you reported. You may have seen lots of discussions around flooding and weather warnings in the news. You can learn more about weather warnings here: Weather Warnings And more about named storms here: Weathering the Storm

Storm season runs from September to August, which aligns nicely with our investigation. Storm Bert was the second named storm this storm season. We've also had storm Ashley and storm Conall. You can see the names for this seasons storms in the image on the right. Last storm season was the stormiest since naming UK storms began in 2015. Last year we had 12 named storms and by this time last year there had already been four named storms and the fifth was on it's way! 

Lets take a look at your comments to see how the project is going in schools across the UK. I'm excited to report that many schools have noticed some green shoots in their pots!

Messages to Professor Plant

Eveswell Primary
Comment:
Hello professor, sorry that we could not send u this data until now. I am in year six now so I'm going to move on to high school so I probably won't see you ever again so bye for now. I hope you see this message if not that is okay. Please can you reply to me so I know that our data has helped you.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you, Josh! Your data has been extremely helpful, and I want to say a big thank you for all of the work you have done on this project. Please thank everyone at your school that has worked on this as well. I’m sure you will have a fantastic time at your next school!

Ysgol Pennant
Comment:
Ar y dydd Mawrth aeth yr ysgol i wylio sioe yn theatr Hafren felly doedden methu gofnodi.

Professor Plant's Response:
Diolch yn fawr Ysgol Pennant. It’s okay to miss a day—your effort in recording other days is very much appreciated. Thank you for letting me know. 

Weather Observations

Stanford in the Vale Primary School
Comment:
Sorry for the confusion on the 18-22 of November; this is the actual date for last week's temperature.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you for clarifying, Stanford Bulb Scientists. Accurate records are important, and your efforts help us greatly. Keep up the great work!

St Joseph's Cathedral Primary (Swansea)
Comment:
On the 28th, the temperature was not read correctly, so the real temperature was 4 to 8 degrees Celsius. The chart would not let me put two numbers, so I have to make a note. I am not sure about this, but on the 26th, a Tuesday, the rainfall was 49 mm, which I am not sure is correct. Sorry if this reading is wrong.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you for adding these detailed notes with your readings Mammals! It’s okay if readings are sometimes uncertain—it’s all part of learning science. You’ve shown good scientific skills by questioning your readings and noting your thoughts on these. 

Henllys Church in Wales School
Comment:
All good big change in rainfall.

Professor Plant's Response:
Great observation! Sudden changes in rainfall can tell us a lot about the weather patterns. Keep an eye on those gauges!

Ysgol Llanddulas
Comment:
We saw more rain this week.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you, Roaring Reptiles! It sounds like you’ve had some wet weather—perfect for bulbs to grow!

Bryn Deri Primary
Comment:
There has been a lot more rain recently, especially on the weekend of the 23rd and 24th of November—which is not shown on our data (the weekend). We have also had some frosty mornings. Our bulbs have begun to shoot. 

Professor Plant's Response:
Wonderful observations, Bryn Deri! Rain and frost make for an interesting combination. Keep watching those bulbs—they’re on their way!

Cornist Park C.P
Comment:
Monday: It is cloudy today. 
Tuesday: The weather is damp and cloudy.
Wednesday: There is lots of frost today.
Thursday: It is very cold and lots of white frost.
Friday: It is cold and sunny.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you, Cornist Park team, for such detailed daily updates! It’s great to see how all of you are working together to capture the weather conditions.

Bwlchgwyn Primary School
Comment:
This week we were off school for 3.5 days because of heavy snowfall and freezing temperatures. Even today, we cannot accurately look at the rain gauge because it is just so full of snow. We have managed to record the temperatures, but our gauge for the 4 days was just overflowing with snow.

Professor Plant's Response:
Thank you, Fish Group! Snowfall can make data collection tricky, but you’ve done a brilliant job despite the challenges. If this happens again you could bring the rain gauge into the classroom and wait for the ice or snow to melt before taking your rain readings. You could compare the reading before and after it melts too! 

Langbank Primary School
Comment:
Snowed on Friday.

Professor Plant's Response:
How exciting! Snow makes everything look magical—thank you for sharing this detail.

Doonfoot Primary School
Comment:
VERY WET on Monday; okay weather for the rest of the week.

Professor Plant's Response:
It sounds like Monday was a challenging start to the week, but you’ve captured the variation in weather in your comments. Thank you!

Plant Growth Observations

Alloway Primary School
Comment:
Some bulbs have started to grow.

Professor Plant's Response:
That’s fantastic news! Well done, Alloway Primary. Keep monitoring their progress as they continue to grow.

St Mary’s Primary School - Newry
Comment:
There was lots of rainfall over the weekend. Extreme frost and fog and a bit of snow.

Professor Plant's Response:
It sounds like you’ve had some wintry weather! Great job keeping track. Frost and snow can be challenging for bulbs, but they’re tough little plants.

Ysgol Tycroes
Comment:
We had snow this week, but not enough to stick. Our mystery plants have started to grow; we can see stalks with small spikey leaves on them both.

Professor Plant's Response:
How exciting that you’ve seen some snow and that your plants have started to grow! Keep watch over your plants to see what happens next. 

St Michael’s RC Primary
Comment:
We are enjoying taking care of the plants. We haven’t had much rain.

Professor Plant's Response:
Fantastic work, St Michael’s. I’m glad to hear that you are enjoying the project and that your plants are in good hands!

On the 1 December 1994 a tree was planted in the Gorsedd Gardens in front of National Museum Cardiff.

The tree was planted on World AIDS Day 1994 as a memorial to those who have died of AIDS in Wales. Since its planting it has been known by a few different names including the Tree of Life and the Red Ribbon Tree, and has become the focus for yearly World AIDS Day commemorations on 1 December each year, with people attaching red ribbons to the tree.

The tree was planted by Mike Phillips and Martin Nowaczek (co-founders of Cardiff Body Positive), along with the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of Cardiff. At the planting a balloon was released for all those who have died of AIDS in Wales. By the end of 1994 (the year the tree was planted) there had been 10,304 reported AIDS cases and 7,019 known deaths in the UK (with 141 cases and 118 of these deaths in Wales).

Speaking about the planting of the tree Mike recalls that “I was around 25 when we planted the Red Ribbon Tree. We’d opened the Cardiff Body Positive drop-in-centre the previous day and Martin, already ill, was feeling tired. He died less than 6 months later”.

The plaque next to the tree was rededicated in 2021 and the original plaque donated to St Fagans National Museum of History. It was displayed at St Fagans in 2022/23 as part of the exhibition Wales is… remembering Terrence Higgins.

The Cardiff Body Positive collection recently donated to Amgueddfa Cymru is closely associated with the tree as its co-founders Mike and Martin planted the tree in 1994.

Cardiff Body Positive was founded in 1993 and were based at 57 St Mary Street, Cardiff. It supported people living with HIV and AIDS from across Cardiff and south Wales, and was one of a number of Body Positive groups around the UK. Their drop-in centre opened the day before the Tree of Life was planted, and they later organised what they called a ‘Celebration of Life’ at the tree – celebrating the lives lost to AIDS and showing solidarity and support to those living and affected with HIV/AIDS. The Cardiff Body Positive newsletters in the collection contain some obituaries for those who died of AIDS in Wales including its co-founder, Martin.

Cardiff AIDS Helpline was also operating about this time as well as the South Glamorgan AIDS Network. It was Cardiff AIDS Helpline that organised the first Candlelight Memorial to be held in Wales, which was held on 1 December 1993 on the steps of National Museum Cardiff, with almost 600 people attending. They held another World AIDS Day Candlelight Memorial in 1994 on the evening following the planting of the tree.

Today there is still no cure for HIV, but effective treatment now means that people with HIV can’t pass the virus on and can live long and healthy lives. The Welsh Government HIV Action Plan as well as organisations and networks such as the Terrence Higgins Trust, and Fast Track Cymru are working towards preventing new infections and eliminating stigma by 2030.