: Social and Cultural History

This medal was made in Chester, having been commissioned by the Gwyneddigion Society as a prize at the Corwen Eisteddfod in 1789. It was awarded for extemporare verse, and won by Gwallter Mechain. Dr David Samwell was so incensed that his favourite, Twm o'r Nant, had not won that he threatened one of Gwallter Mechain's supporters to a duel. However, no blood was spilled and Samwell gave Twm a silver pen as a consolation prize.

A portrait of Edward Williams, Ned of Glamorgan or Iolo Morganwg by George Cruickshank.

Silver gorget awarded to Gwallter Mechain at an eisteddfod in Corwen in 1789, which marked the renaissance of the eisteddfodic movement in Wales.

A silver pen given to Twm o'r Nant by Dr David Samwell, surgeon to Captain Cook, as a consolation prize for having been supposedly unfairly beaten by Gwallter Mechain at an eisteddfod in Corwen, 1789.

Who were the Gwyneddigion?

The Gwyneddigion Society (Cymdeithas y Gwyneddigion) began in London in 1770, established in response to what some members felt was the Cymmrodorion's lazily highbrow approach. The Gwyneddigion, on the other hand, were a lively lot who revelled in the cut and thrust of cultural debate through the medium of Welsh. Welsh literature, in particular, interested its members deeply and the society sponsored and promoted some of the most important publications in the history of the language, books such as a seminal edition of Dafydd ap Gwilym’s poetry (1789) and The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales (1801-7).

Many of the men associated with the Gwyneddigion were bold and brilliant characters. Among the boldest and most brilliant of them all were David Samwell and Twm o’r Nant.

Colourful characters

Today any Welsh-language poet would be extremely pleased to see a volume of his or her poetry sell five hundred copies. Twm o’r Nant (Thomas Edwards, 1738-1810) boasted that his work, Gardd o gerddi (‘A Garden of verses’, 1790) had sold as many as 2000 copies. Twm was a character with a past. Son of a smallholder, he had had very little education – only a few weeks in Nantglyn Free School and a fortnight learning English at Denbigh. But he thought fast and wrote faster. Pursued by his creditors, he moved from town to town, trying to supplement a meagre income by writing interludes. These popular dramas offered a vividly satirical commentary on the social ills of his day, men whom Twm had had plenty of opportunity to study at first hand such as the greedy landlord, the hypocritical clergyman and the scruple-free lawyer.

The career of David Samwell (Dafydd Ddu Feddyg, 1751-1798) was even more vivid and nomadic than that of his friend. A surgeon on Captain Cook’s last voyage, his journal is an outstanding record of the journey, including an account of Cook’s murder in Hawaii which is almost forensic in its approach. He had a lively interest in the Maori language too, transcribing six Maori chants in Queen Charlotte Sound among other examples, and his is the first written account of the language.

Between voyages he was a central figure in the social and cultural life of the London Welsh. (It was Samwell who supplied the famous antiquarian Iolo Morganwg with laudanum, for example). Known for being extremely gregarious, fond of a drink and incendiary of spirit, he was tempestuously ready to pick a fight with any adjudicator unwise enough to disrespect his literary favourites. It was hardly a surprise, then, that he lost his temper completely when Twm o’r Nant was ‘robbed’ of the chair at the Gwyneddigion’s first Eisteddfod in 1789.

1789: the rebirth of the Eisteddfod

It could be said that the roots of the Eisteddfod tradition date from a meeting held at Cardigan Castle in 1176, under the patronage of Lord Rhys of Deheubarth. The competition was proclaimed ‘through Wales and England and Scotland and Ireland and all the other Islands’, with the chief poet’s chair going to north Wales and the chief harpist’s chair going to the south.

It could equally be argued that it was the year 1789 which saw the beginnings of the modern Eisteddfod, when Thomas Jones, an exciseman from Corwen, asked the Gwyneddigion to sponsor the eisteddfod in Wales. The Gwyneddigion did not sponsor the Corwen Eisteddfod, but this was still the first step towards restoring some kind of standard and dignity – and maybe even a sense of national identity – to the culture of the Eisteddfod. Although the Owain Glyndŵr Hotel where the Corwen Eisteddfod was held in May 1789 had little in common with the present-day pink pavilion, it would be fair to say that this event was a kind of blueprint for the Eisteddfod in its modern-day form.

There was no specific subject for the chair competition at the Corwen eisteddfod. The poets competed in the time-honoured way, extemporising on subjects given on the day. Jonathan Hughes and Twm o’r Nant competed, along with Gwallter Mechain. As Thomas Jones had told Mechain beforehand what the subjects would be, he had a significant advantage. So it was he who scooped the prize of a beautiful silver gorget. The other poets, unsurprisingly, were not best pleased with the situation.

Twm was robbed!

The first time the Gwyneddigion officially sponsored an Eisteddfod was in Bala in September 1789. In doing so, they insisted that they had the right to choose the adjudicators and the subjects for the major competitions. The subject for the chair was Ystyriaeth ar Oes Dyn (‘Reflections on the Life of Man’). Once again Gwallter Mechain had the advantage: Owain Myfyr, a prominent member of the Gwyneddigion, had told him what kind of poem they were hoping to see. When Gwallter Mechain’s ironical nom-de-plume, ‘Anonymous’, was announced at Bala the other poets walked out in protest, with Twm o’r Nant, who had again competed, among them.

Matters almost got out of hand when David Samwell threatened to fight a duel with one of the adjudicators for failing to give the winner’s medal to his favourite, Twm. In the end he was persuaded to back down, and satisfied himself with giving Twm a magnificent silver pen as a consolation prize. It was Samwell, too, who coined the phrase ‘the Cambrian Shakespeare’ to describe him – a generous epithet, but utterly inappropriate to Twm’s particular genius.

The Crowning of Dilys Cadwaladr for her pryddest 'Y Llen', at the Rhyl National Eisteddfod, 1953. She was the first woman to win the Crown.

The accomplishment of winning the double-double, namely the Crown and the Chair in the same year has been achieved by:

• T.H.Parry-Williams — 1912 and 1915
• Alan Llwyd — 1973 and 1976
• Donald Evans — 1977 and 1980

Before the rule that bards could not win the Chair, the Crown or the Prose medal more than twice was passed, there were several successful multiple winners:

• Crwys — the Crown three times (1910, 1911 and 1919);
• Cynan — the Crown three times (1921, 1923, 1931) and the Chair once (1924);
• Caradog Prichard — the Crown three times (1927, 1928, 1929) - each poem a variation on the same theme — the anguish of his mother's insanity; and the Chair once (1962);
• Dewi Emrys — the Crown once (1926) and the Chair four times (1929, 1930, 1943, 1948). According to hearsay, he tried to sell his Crown to a pawnshop.

Dilys Cadwaladr was the first woman to win the Crown in the Rhyl Eisteddfod, 1953. Since then Eluned Phillips has won it twice (1967, 1983) and Einir Jones once (1991).

In Cardigan Eisteddfod, 1976, the adjudicators chose an ode by Dic Jones on the topic 'Gwanwyn' (Spring) as the winning entry but because a rule had been broken it was disqualified and Alan Llwyd was chaired instead.

Robat Powell from Ebbw Vale was the first learner to win the Eisteddfod Chair, in Rhyl in 1985 for a poem portraying the effects of the closure of heavy industries.

Caradog Pritchard, at 22, was also the youngest poet to have won one of the major Eisteddfod prizes when he won the Crown in 1927.

When the chaired poet, John Gwilym Jones was Archdruid (1993-96), he had the honour of crowning his brother, Aled Gwyn, and chairing his son, Tudur Dylan Jones, in the Bro Colwyn Eisteddfod, 1995. Furthermore, another brother, T. James Jones, had already won the Crown twice - in Fishguard 1986 and Newport 1988.

T. James Jones had competed for the Crown with the American poet, John Dressel in 1979 under the pseudonym 'Ianws' but when it was realised that it was a joint effort, they did not receive the prize.

Mererid Hopwood was the first woman to win the Chair of the Eisteddfod (in Denbigh 2001) and she went on to win the Crown two years later in Maldwyn 2003.

An oil painting of Archdruid Hwfa Môn by Christopher Williams.

Eifionydd (John Thomas) - Gorsedd Recorder, 1881-1922.

T.H.Thomas, Arlunydd Pen-y-garn, Herald Bard (1895-1915) leading the Proclamation procession, Llangollen 1907.

Winifred Coombe Tennant, 'Mam o Nedd' (Mother from Neath); Mistress of the Robes c.1923-34.

Bearing the Grand Sword during the Chairing Ceremony, 2009.

Women ironing gorseddogion robes, Dolgellau, 1949.

The Archdruid

The Archdruid in their splendid regalia is the focal point of all the Gorsedd rites and presides over all its ceremonies. They are the supreme authority of all the other Gorseddau and chairs the Gorsedd Board.

Iolo Morganwg, the father of the Gorsedd of the Bards, did not call himself an 'Archdruid'. In his first Gorsedd in 1792 he was the 'Chief Bard' and in the Carmarthen Gorsedd of 1819 he was the 'Official Bard'.

Before long, however, the presidents of the provincial eisteddfodau's gorseddau began to call themselves 'archdruids', but Clwydfardd is considered to be the first official Archdruid. He claimed:

'I was appointed Archdruid ... in the year 1860; but it was in the Wrexham Eisteddfod in the year 1876 that I was licensed as the Archdruid of the Gorsedd... of the Bards of the Isle of Britain.'

He held office for the rest of his life.

The number of visual images of his successor, Hwfa Môn, (Rowland Williams) (2002-2005), testify to his role as a national icon. Since 1936 an Archdruid serves for a term of three years only, except during the Second World War, when Crwys (W.Crwys Williams), was Archdruid for eight years. Only one Archdruid, Cynan (1950-54; 1963-6) has served for more than one term. As Tilsli has said of Cynan 'to many people he embodied the Gorsedd of the Bards' and it was Cynan who made the rites of the Gorsedd 'credible and colourful'. It was Cynan's influence, in Fishguard in 1936, which brought order to the ceremony of installing a new Archdruid, when they are invested with the crown, breastplate, sceptre and ring of office.

In 1932 it was stipulated that an Archdruid has to be a chaired or crowned bard. By the beginning of the twenty-first century Prose Medal winners were included in this élite band and the first to be elected under this ruling was Robyn Llŷn (Robyn Léwis) (2002-05). About this time too the voting procedure was changed with all members of the Gorsedd, not only the Gorsedd Board, now entitled to vote.

The Recorder

The Recorder of the Gorsedd of the Bards of the Isle of Britain is the Secretary of the Gorsedd Board and its supervisor. He/she is one of the main officers in the Gorsedd Circle and he/she is responsible for organising the ceremonies on the Eisteddfod stage. He/she proclaims the Eisteddfod and Gorsedd a year and a day in advance. It seems that Gwynfe (Recorder -1922-27)'s library, including the Gorsedd Minute Book for 1888-1921, was sold to the USA and this important historical document is now in the Library of Havard University, while the National Library of Wales has a copy of it. Without doubt Cynan (1935-50; 1954-63; 1966-70) was the most influential twentieth-century Recorder. Ernest Roberts maintained that he changed the Gorsedd 'from being some sort of ministers' pantomime into a dignified pageantry'; 'from being the butt of derision and mockery into an institution which attracted Welsh scholars and professional men from several fields to accept its honours and to support its aims.' Since Cynan's time succeeding Recorders have managed to maintain these high standards.

The Herald Bard

The Herald Bard looks after the Gorsedd furniture and regalia. They are responsible for the Gorsedd's Processions and helps the Recorder to direct its ceremonies. He/she, in turn, is supported by other officials: the Examinations' Organiser; the Mistress of the Robes and his/her own appointments - the Marshalls.

The Herald Bard was a post which evolved during the nineteenth century. Without doubt, T.H.Thomas, Arlunydd Pen-y-garn, during his term of office, 1895-1915, was the most influential Herald Bard. Through his innate artistic flair he reformed and transformed the Gorsedd robes and regalia and the Gorsedd Circle. Sieffre o Gyfarthfa, (Captain Geoffrey Crawshay), Herald Bard 1925-1947, led the Gorsedd processions, very dramatically, on horseback and in splendid riding gear. He published several pamphlets during his term of office dealing with Gorsedd 'membership', and 'the installation ceremony'. When he resigned in 1947 he presented a staff for the use of the Herald Bard.

Dilwyn Cemais (Dillwyn Miles), Herald Bard 1966-1996, published an invaluable volume on the history of the Gorsedd of the Bards, The Secret of the Bards of the Isle of Britain (Dinefwr Press, 1992) and also a book of his memoirs, Atgofion Hen Arwyddfardd in 1997.

The Mistress of the Robes

In her bright blue-green robe the Mistress of the Robes stands apart from the other members and officers of the Gorsedd. She supervises the condition of the robes at every Gorsedd ceremony throughout the year and she invests the poets and prose medal winners with their robes before escorting them from the body of the pavilion onto the stage for their respective ceremonies.

Such an officer was essential once the Gorsedd had introduced official robes c.1900 and Mair Taliesin (Gwenddydd Morgan) was the first to fulfil the role.

She was succeeded c.1923 by Mam o Nedd - Winifred Coombe-Tennant (1874-1956), a native of Cambridgeshire, who had married Charles Tennant of Cadoxton Lodge, Cadoxton, Glamorganshire in 1895. She had been Chair of the Neath National Eisteddfod's Arts and Crafts Committee in 1918 and had severely criticised the lack of dignity and untidiness of the Gorsedd Procession during the 1917 Proclamation ceremony. Mam o Nedd left £5,000 in her will towards the repair and refurbishment of Gorsedd robes and regalia.

Siân Aman (Jean Huw Jones), the Mistress of the Robes, (1983 onwards)'s annual reports to the Gorsedd Board illustrate the nature of this responsible post; not only the need to renew robes every year but also the constant demand upon her to talk to cultural societies around Wales about her role.

The Bearer of the Grand Sword

The Bearer of the Grand Sword's role is to look after the Gorsedd Sword during processions and during the Gorsedd ceremonies. He carries the Sword before the Archdruid in all Gorsedd processions, always by its blade, not by its hilt. This was the first officer to be named from among the Gorseddogion, because in 1819 it was noted that Gwilym Morganwg (Thomas Williams) was the 'Sword Bearer' in the important provincial eisteddfod in Carmarthen. Since then the office has been held by many prominent Welshmen, most notably the late Ray Gravell.

Women and the Gorsedd

From the very first, and especially bearing in mind Iolo Morganwg's belief in the principle of equality, women have been welcomed into the ranks of the Gorsedd of the Bards. When the first Gorsedd was held in London in June 1792, Sarah Elizabeth Owen was admitted into the Order of Ovates, unfortunately, it seems, not because she was an accomplished poet or prose writer, but because she was the wife of William Owen (Pughe) of the Gwyneddigion Society.

The first woman to be admitted to the Gorsedd in Wales, in Carmarthen in 1819, was Elizabeth Jones, Eos Bele, but once more not for her poetic talents but because the organiser wanted to marry her! In 1821 three other women, Angharad Llwyd, an able antiquarian from Caerwys; Hester Cotton, a Welsh learner and antiquarian and Mair Richards, a harpist from Darowen, were admitted in the Powys provincial eisteddfod. Reports from the provincial eisteddfodau and gorseddau during the next decades note women among the ranks of the Gorseddogion and the same pattern was followed after the establishment of the National Eisteddfodau. As a result women / girls have served as singers, harpists, presenters of the Hirlas Horn and the berthged / Blodeuged, as patrons, Mistresses of the Robes, and floral dancers in the ceremonies and rites of the Gorsedd of the Bards.

The first public meeting of the Breton Gorsedd, Brignonan, 1903.

Gorseddau outside Wales

The ceremonies enacted in the Gorsedd Circle on Monday morning and again on the Eisteddfod stage in the afternoon, before the Crowning ceremony (since 1954), when the representatives of the Celtic nations and other friends are welcomed to the Gorsedd, are colourful and attractive ones. Usually there are representatives from Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man, and also from Patagonia. Representatives of the Gorsedd of the Bards of the Isle of Britain attend their festivals in return. However, only two of the Celtic nations have a Gorsedd similar to that of Wales, namely Brittany and Cornwall. These are considered to be sub-Gorseddau and the Archdruid of the Welsh Gorsedd is the supreme head of them all.

The Breton Gorsedd

Interest in its Celtic heritage had re-kindled in Brittany after le Villemarqué's visit to Eisteddfod y Fenni (Abergavenny) in 1838 and the rite of marrying the two halves of the Split Sword was already popular before representatives from Brittany visited the Cardiff Eisteddfod in 1899. In 1900 a Breton Gorsedd - Gorsedd Barzed Gourenez Breiz-Izel - was established, with Ar Fusteg as Grand Druid and Taldir as Herald Bard. The Breton Gorsedd's first public ceremony was held at Brignonan in 1903.

However, for political and religious reasons, there has been considerable dissension within the Breton Gorsedd throughout its history. During the Second World War some Bretons, including Taldir, were accused of collaborating with the Vichy government and after the war had ended they were imprisoned. When Taldir was released he had to retire to north Africa and Eostig Sarzhaw was chosen as (vice) Grand Druid in his place. The dissension persisted and some members were drawn more towards Druidism and meetings at Stonehenge than towards the Welsh Gorsedd.

To quote Zonia Bowen on 'the tragic history' of the Breton Gorsedd, it has no '"raison d'être" such as the Welsh poetic tradition or an association with a body such as the National Eisteddfod.' Yet she emphasises that the Gorsedd as a society has survived longer than any other in the chequered history of the Breton nation.

The Grand Druid of Brittany wears a silver crown of mistletoe leaves.

The Gallic Gorsedd

Founded in 1923 on the basis that Gaul was a Celtic region before the Roman conquest, but by 1939 the Gorsedd had disappeared.

The Cornish Gorsedd:

Since the beginning of the twentieth century there had been somewhat of a revival in interest in the Cornish language, especially through the work of Henry Jenner, Keeper of Manuscripts at the British Museum. Several 'Old Cornwall' societies were formed and at the Treorchy Eisteddfod, in 1928, eight Cornishmen were accepted as members of the Gorsedd of the Bards. In September 1928 the first ceremony of the Cornish Gorsedd - Gorseth Kernow - was held at Boscawen Un, and Henry Jenner was invested as the first Grand Bard of Cornwall. The Cornish Gorsedd has only one order, the Order of Bards, wearing blue robes. The Grand Bard wears a crown of oak leaves and a breastplate.

The Gorsedd of North America

The sub-Gorsedd of North America was established by Archdruid Dyfed during the Pittsburgh Eisteddfod in 1913 and its Vice-Archdruid was Thomas Edwards - Cynonfardd, from Landore in Swansea. By 1946 the Gorsedd had been abolished.

The Gorsedd of Patagonia

Gutyn Ebrill (Griffith Griffiths, 1829-1909) established the Gorsedd of the Bards in Patagonia. Caeron (W.H.Hughes) and Prysor (William Williams) held office after Gutyn Ebrill but they considered themselves to be vice-Archdruids, under the authority of the Archdruid of Wales. After Prysor died in 1945 it seemed likely that the Patagonian Gorsedd would disappear for ever. Then, at the beginning of the twenty-first century during Meirion's period as Archdruid it was revived and representatives began to attend the National Eisteddfodau and Gorseddau of Wales once more.