John Roberts, 'Telynor Cymru, from Newtown, 1816-1894  

The Photographic Archive at St. Fagans: National History Museum has over 200,000 images in its collection and reflects Welsh Social and Cultural History. It documents people’s everyday life over the last few hundred years. The images capture the Welsh as they work, rest and play. The collection includes photographs from rural and industrial Wales of subjects such as: costume and dress; textiles; work and trades; domestic life; cultural life including music and sport; traditional craft; vernacular architecture; furniture and interiors. To celebrate St. David’s Day here are a few examples of the more steryotypical images from the collection! Dydd Gwyl Dewi Hapus I Bawb!

First Welsh Schoolboys team, 15 players and 12 officials, 1904.

28 Chwefror 1946 – Dwa yma y bore i nol benthyg bwyell a phlaen i drwsio braich y gadair freichiau. Tywydd gaeafol a hynod o oer. San yn dod adref efo Septic Ulcer ar ei choes.

Ar ddiwrnod olaf y mis bach, cofnododd Kate Rowlands bod ei mab, Dwa (Edward), wedi dod i fenthyg offer gwaith coed i drwsio braich y gadair freichiau.

Byddai troi llaw at drwsio, pwytho neu ailgylchu pethau wedi bod yn ailnatur i’r rheini a fu’n byw yn ystod y rhyfeloedd. Gan fod adnoddau mor brin doedd prynu o’r newydd ddim yn opsiwn i’r rhan fwyaf. Ychydig o ddodrefn newydd a gynhyrchwyd yn ystod yr Ail Ryfel Byd a dim ond rhai pobl fyddai’n gymwys i’w prynu gyda thalebau pwrpasol.

Ym 1941, dechreuodd Bwrdd Masnach y Llywodraeth fynd ati i ddylunio casgliad o ddodrefn utility fel rhan o’r cynllun dogni dodrefn. Y bwriad oedd creu darnau o safon, o ddyluniad syml a oedd yn rhad i’w cynhyrchu.

Cyhoeddwyd y catalog cyntaf o ddodrefn utility ym 1943 gyda chasgliad o tua thrideg darn. Dyluniwyd y dodrefn gan aelodau o'r pwyllgor ymgynghorol o dan arweiniad y dylunydd dodrefn, Gordon Russell. Roedd y dodrefn yn syml ac yn fodern, gydag ôl dylanwad y mudiad celfyddyd a chrefft (arts and crafts). Ni chynhyrchwyd dodrefn nad oedd yn cydymffurfio â safonau utility a rhoddwyd y bathodyn utility, ‘CC41’, ar bob darn fel arwydd o safon.

Gellid archebu’r dodrefn o’r catalog neu eu prynu o siopau lleol a thalwyd amdanynt gyda thalebau. Ond nid pawb oedd yn gymwys - rhaid oedd llenwi ffurflen i sicrhau trwydded cyn derbyn y talebau gwerth trideg uned. Rhoddwyd blaenoriaeth i’r rheini a oedd wedi colli eu cartrefi adeg y rhyfel o ganlyniad i'r bomiau ac i gyplau priod ifanc yn symud i gartrefi newydd, fel y prefabs.

Yn ychwanegol at ddodrefn utility byddai cyplau ifanc wedi etifeddu hen ddodrefn gan eu teuluoedd. Pwy a ŵyr, efallai mai hen gadair freichiau gan ei fam yr oedd Dwa’n mynd ati i’w thrwsio ym 1946.

Hello. Here is what has been happening play area wise in St Fagans!

Our artists have been talking to curators and visiting our stores. They now know all about the themes covered in the new galleries and are thinking of ways in which they can incorporate them into the play area design. Some of the themes are food, work, fun - which also covers toys and games (that one might work), customs and folklore, childhood, as well as the perhaps not so appropriate - sleep and death.

We have also been talking about language - having text in the play area, maybe incorporating lullabies and sound into it (or is that too horror film?), sound, music, pigsties, beds and enclosed spaces, gates! (we have a collection of photographs of lots of different gates in the collection, all with different names) roofs! washing.... so much we could do, so many things...

Fern Thomas (supporting artist) has been managing to do research into folk remedies for her own art work - she has been looking at remedies for physical ailments from all around Wales which all seem to say 'wrap a piece of bacon round it' whatever the problem is.

Imogen Higgins (supporting artist) has started documenting all the different play areas in Cardiff and has also started blogging about it. If you know of any interesting ones, perhaps you could let us know?

I went to talk to Woodlands Special Secondary School a couple of weeks ago and some of the students there are going to help us with the design. We have our first meeting this week, so I will let you know how it goes. Meanwhile, please share, comment, and let me know stuff you've come across. Will be updating again soon.

The last year has been a busy one for the Department of Natural Sciences on the front line against invasive non-native species (INNS) in the UK.

INNS are introduced (or "alien") species that can spread and cause damage. Some INNS, like Japanese Knotweed and the Grey Squirrel, are all too familiar. Others, like most invertebrates, are unidentified and obscure when they first arrive.

It is often down to taxonomic specialists like us to identify these newly detected animals – with the help of museum collections – and to explain how they can be recognised.

In the last 12 months our Invertebrate Biodiversity team helped discover several more species new to the UK, and reported these in the Journal of Conchology and Aquatic Invasions. These are detailed peer-reviewed research papers, but such publications are not merely useful for specialists. They are referred to by agencies, policy-makers, and the public concerned about the spread and impacts of INNS in the UK and throughout Europe, as the range of other organisations we worked with shows.

The relevant specimens are accessioned at the Museum for future reference, and help ensure the national collections stay up-to-date with the changing fauna of Wales.The discoveries also make great stories about the surprises Britain’s wildlife still holds in store. We just hope that some will have happy endings!

1. Rogue Alsatian loose in Caerphilly

Aberbargoed naturalist Christian Owen spotted something weird during a meeting of the Glamorgan Fungus Group near Wern Ddu Claypits, Caerphilly (a noted geological and industrial site). Crawling under moss in the forestry plantations were several strange, small creatures, like overweight snails poking out of shells that are several sizes too small.

Using the Museum’s collections, we identified the species as the “Alsatian Semi-slug” Daudebardia rufa. This is a central European mollusc that has never been seen in the UK before. Despite being rather cute, it could be a nuisance since it feeds on other, wood-decaying invertebrates. We obtained forestry data for the area from partners from Natural Resources Wales, and our visits to the area so far suggest that the species is associated with certain conifer stands only.This story was featured in the Caerphilly Observer newspaper on 19 February 2016.

Reference: Owen, C, Rowson, B & Wilkinson, K. 2016. First record of the predatory semi-slug Daudebardia rufa (Draparnaud, 1805) from the UK (Eupulmonata: Daudebardiidae). Journal of Conchology 42(3) 119-121.

2. Sicilian Slug reaches Dublin and Swansea

We discovered the Sicilian Slug Deroceras panormitanum as new to Britain in central Cardiff in 2012. It is evidently rare, so we were surprised to find a large population during a night-time survey in Swansea in April 2015. They were infesting flowerbeds in Cwmdonkin Park (famous from Dylan Thomas’ “The Hunchback in the Park”), which we were investigating as part of a study with Swansea University and Bristol University.Our partner in the Conchological Society also found the species among plants at a garden centre in Dublin, the first record of this species in Ireland. Searches at Welsh garden centres have so far proved negative, but this species now seems very likely to spread.

Reference: Rowson, B, Anderson, R, Allen, S, Forman, D, Greig, C & Aziz, NAA. 2016. Another wave of invasion? First record of the true Sicilian Slug Deroceras panormitanum sensu stricto from Ireland, and another from Wales (Eupulmonata: Agriolimacidae). Journal of Conchology 42(3) 123-125.

3. Piggy-backing American worms in Abergavenny river

The introduced and prolific North American Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is a major threat to our native White-clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes through transmission of crayfish plague. Now, a new potential danger has been found. Joanna James, a PhD student at Cardiff University, discovered two species of crayfish worm (small leech-like annelids) living on the claws and carapaces of signals in the River Gavenny. These were identified in collaborative research with the Museum and a paper published in the journal Aquatic Invasions. University research is continuing into the impact these worms could have on invasive and native crayfish populations.

Reference: James, J, Cable, J, Richardson, G, Davidson, KE & Mackie, ASY. 2015. Two alien species of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) new to the British Isles: a morphological and molecular study. Aquatic Invasions 10(4) 371-383.

4. Big winter storms cast up trans-Atlantic migrants

Old buoys, fishing bait buckets and plastic spools double as rafts for many American invertebrates washed ashore on southwest coasts of the UK in recent years. UK Coastal Wildlife and APhotomarine often send images or specimens to the museum for identification. The newly-arrived bivalves had crossed the Atlantic inside buckets, or attached to the outside with byssus threads (as our native mussels attach to rocks).

One of these hitchhikers is considered an INNS in Brazil, where it outcompetes local bivalves for food and space. The Bicolor Purse Oyster Isognomon bicolor is native to the southern United States and parts of the Caribbean. Our current sea temperatures are slightly too low for it to reproduce, but if they continue to rise this and perhaps other American molluscs will need to be closely monitored.

Since reporting these finds in Journal of Conchology last year, further discoveries of yet more American species have been made and sent for identification. We thank the beachcombers who brave our shores every week to hunt for these potential invasives.

Reference: Holmes, AM, Oliver, PG, Trewhella, S, Hill, R & Quigley, DTG. 2015. Trans-Atlantic rafting of inshore Mollusca on macro-litter: American molluscs on British and Irish shores, new records. Journal of Conchology 42(1) 41-49.

5. Coconut conceals “shy” stowaways

Cornish writer and beachcomer, Tracey Williams, discovered a beached coconut near Newquay, Cornwall.  On closer inspection, Paul Gainey found molluscs inside - small white shells that had bored into the husk. These were later identified by Dave Fenwick as the “Fragile Piddock” Martesia fragilis. They must have floated right across the Atlantic from the southeastern United States and washed ashore after the winter storms of 2013-14.

Notoriously difficult to identify, we searched the extensive shell collection at the Museum for other piddocks. We found that one more lot of the same species had been washed ashore at Galway in the late 1800’s but had been misidentified! Fragile piddocks are related to shipworms and can bore into wood, nuts and seeds, although thankfully are less destructive than their shipwrecking cousins.

Reference: Holmes, AM, Fenwick, D, Gainey, P & Williams, T. 2015. Martesia fragilis Verrill & Bush, 1898 in the north-east Atlantic. Overlooked and a recent new discovery. Journal of Conchology 42(2) 183-187.

Newtown.

In the Woollen Industry Collection there is a collection from Anne Goodwin Wilkins whose family owned Goodwin Mill in Cynwyl Elfed. This collection tells the story of the Goodwin family business, reflecting the highs and lows experienced by many small Welsh woollen mills. 

Thriving in the 19th Century By the mid 1800’s, many small rural woollen mills in the Newtown area were forced to close after large commercial mills in the town began to source cheaper wool from places such as Yorkshire. As a result, a number of families working for these small mills began moving from the Newtown area to the more prosperous woollen industries in Carmarthenshire. 

In 1848 William Price Goodwin moved his family from Newtown to Cynwyl Elfed a small village between Carmarthen and Newcastle Emlyn and set up a small family run Woollen mill. 

In 1860 the railway reached Cynwyl Elfed allowing the Goodwin Mill`s woollen products to be transported quickly and cheaply direct to the industrial South Wales. The railways brought a boom in woollen production in the area with the Welsh Woollen Industry becoming centred in Carmarthenshire as demand for woollen clothing and blankets increased throughout industrial South Wales. 

Struggling in the 20th century In the early 1900s small woollen mills were hit hardest by strikes and continuing worker unrest in the industrial areas with demand for woollen goods declining. World War one brought a brief boom for Goodwin mill, with the mill employed in the war effort producing blankets and shirts for the armed forces. 

After the war the government sold all its surplus woollen cloth cheaply forcing many mills into bankruptcy, Goodwin mill struggled on through the great depression of the 1920s and 1930s. The mill was finally forced to close in 1939 all the machinery was sold off and the remaining cloth was packed away and stored in brown paper. In 2004 Anne Goodwin Wilkins bequeathed all items from her family’s woollen mill to the National Wool Museum. The cloth was still wrapped in the brown paper from 1939. 

The varied items included Family Photographs, Workers Photographs, Dolls Clothing produced by Anne’s father at the mill, a sampler made by Anne Wilkins, the mill account book, the mill front door key, a large tailor’s scissors used at the mill and a copy of a book hand written in Welsh of remedies by Thomas Goodwin that included advice to women when giving birth, cure for cramp, scurvy, bad breath etc.